{"id":2208,"date":"2023-08-26T03:54:19","date_gmt":"2023-08-25T22:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/?page_id=2208"},"modified":"2023-08-26T03:54:31","modified_gmt":"2023-08-25T22:24:31","slug":"petroleum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/?page_id=2208","title":{"rendered":"Petroleum"},"content":{"rendered":"\n \n
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PETROLEUM & GAS COMMODITIES<\/h1>\n <\/div>\n \n <\/section>\n
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<\/span>  GAS OIL<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Gas Oil is a middle distillate liquid refined\nfrom crude oil. It has many different\nnames such as diesel and a variety of\nuses. Gas Oil is a \u201cdual purpose\u201d fuel. It has\na high calorific value (heat content) and is thus recommended as a boiler fuel in industrial or agricultural installations with pressure jet\nburners e.g. grain dryers. It can also\nbe used in a diesel engine fueling\noff-the-highway equipment such as farm tractors,\nconstruction equipment, railway and marine engines,\nand stationary diesel engines or generators. It can be called: Gas Oil, Red Diesel, Farm Diesel, ULSG, Class A2 or Class D, 35 second burning oil,\nMarked EN590.    
A lot of the confusion around Gas Oil, and the\nvariety of different names, has come\nboth from its variety of different\nuses, and changes to product specification over the last few decades.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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FUEL OIL<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Fuel Oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum\ndistillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, Oil is any liquid petroleum\nproduct, which is burned in a furnace\nor boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of\npower, except oils having a flash point\nof approximately 40\u00b0C (104\u200b\u00b0F). Oil is\nmade of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and\naromatics. The term Fuel Oil is also\nused in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be\nobtained from crude oil, heavier than\ngasoline and naphtha. It is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing\npot- type burners. It is the kerosene\nrefinery cut that boils off right after\nthe heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. Older\nnames include coal oil, stove oil, and range oil. Fuel Oil It was a distillate oil for burners requiring\nlow-viscosity fue. Oil is a commercial\nheating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. It may be\nobtained from the heavy gas oil cut.
Residual fuels represent the heavy yields from\nthe refining processes. Straight-run\nfuel oils are produced solely from\natmospheric distillation and are generally used\nas an intermediate feedstock for further processing within the refining system\nto increase the yields of lighter \nproducts. the refining processes. Straight-run fuel oils are produced solely from\natmospheric distillation and are generally used as an intermediate feed- stock for further processing within the\nrefining system to increase the yields\nof lighter products.\n \nCracked fuel oils are used as fuel for power\ngeneration, marine bunkers and large industrial heating plants. Generally categorized between high and low sulphur grades, with the latter\ncontaining less than 1.0 % sulphur by\nweight.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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<\/b>JET FUEL<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or\nAVTUR, is a type of aviation fuel\ndesigned for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to\nstraw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1,\nwhich are produced to a standardized\ninternational specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B,\nwhich is used for its enhanced\ncold-weather performance.\n \nJet fuel is a mixture of a large number of\ndifferent hydrocarbons. Because the\nexact composition of jet fuel varies\nwidely based on petroleum source, it is impossible\nto define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore\ndefined as a performance specification\nrather than a chemical compound.\nFurthermore, it is defined by the requirements\nfor the product, such as the freezing point\nor smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per\nmolecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet\nfuel (including Jet B), between about 5\nand 15. Jet fuels are sometimes classified\nas kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels\ninclude Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to\nas \u201cwide-cut\u201d jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.\n \nJet Fuel (JP54) is a Kerosene-type high-quality product used primarily as fuel for\ncommercial turbojet and turboprop\naircraft engines.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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<\/b><\/b>CRUDE OIL<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined\npetroleum product composed of\nhydrocarbon deposits and other organic\nmaterials. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products\nsuch as gasoline, diesel and various\nforms of petrochemicals. It is a\nnonrenewable resource, which means that it can\u2019t\nbe replaced naturally.\n \nCrude oil is typically obtained through\ndrilling, where it is usually found\nalongside other resources, such as natural\ngas (which is lighter, and therefore sits above the crude oil) and saline water (which is denser, and sinks below). It is then refined and\nprocessed into a variety of forms, such as gasoline, kerosene\nand asphalt, and sold to consumers.\n \nAlthough it is often called \u201cblack gold,\u201d crude\noil has ranging viscosity and can vary\nin color from black and yellow\ndepending on its hydrocarbon composition. Distillation, the process by which oil is\nheated and separated in different\ncomponents, is the first stage in\nrefining.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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<\/b><\/b><\/b>LNG<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture\nof ethane C2H6) that has been cooled down to\nliquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized\nstorage or transport. It is odorless,\ncolorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability\nafter vaporization into a gaseous\nstate, freezing and asphyxia.\n \nThe liquefaction process involves removal of\ncertain components, such as dust, acid\ngases, helium, water, and heavy\nhydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream.\nThe natural gas is then condensed into a\nliquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately 162 C ( 260 F); maximum transport pressure is\nset at around 25 kPa (4 psi). Natural gas is mainly converted to LNG for\ntransport over the seas where laying pipelines is not feasible technically and economically. LNG achieves a\nhigher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that\nthe (volumetric) energy density of LNG is\n2.4 times greater than that of CNG (at 250 bar) or 60 percent that of diesel fuel. This makes LNG cost efficient in marine transport over long\ndistances<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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<\/b><\/b><\/b>LPG<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply\npropane or butane, are flammable\nmixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as\nfuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment,\nand vehicles. It is increasingly used as an\naerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used\nas a vehicle fuel it is often referred\nto as Autogas. It consists of Propane\nand Butane with traces of Butene and\nPropene and other hydrocarbons)\n \nLPG is prepared by refining petroleum or \u201cwet\u201d natural gas, and is almost entirely derived\nfrom fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during\nthe refining of petroleum (crude oil) or extracted\nfrom petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the\nground. As its boiling point is below room temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually\nsupplied in pressurized steel vessels.\nLPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, and thus will flow making shipment\nand delivery an easier (if somewhat more\nhazardous) process.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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<\/b><\/b><\/b><\/b>PET COKE<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke or pet coke,\nis a final carbon-rich solid material\nthat derives from oil refining and is\none type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes. Pet coke is the coke that,\nin particular, derives from a final\ncracking process, a thermo-based chemical\nengineering process that splits long chain hydrocarbons\nof petroleum into shorter chains.\nStated succinctly, coke is the \u201ccarbonization\nproduct of high-boiling hydrocarbon\nfractions obtained in petroleum\nprocessing.\n \nThis coke can either be fuel grade (high in\nSulphur and metals) or anode grade (low\nin Sulphur and metals). The raw coke directly out of the process is\noften referred to as green coke. In\nthis context, \u201cgreen\u201d means\nunprocessed.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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NAPHTHA<\/b>\n <\/h2>\n

Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate\nhydrocarbon liquid stream derived from\nthe refining of crude oil with CAS-no\n64742-48-9. It is most usually desulfurized\nand then catalytically reformed, which rearranges\nor restructures the hydrocarbon molecules\nin the naphtha as well as breaking some of\nthe molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or petrol).\n \nThere are hundreds of different petroleum crude\noil sources worldwide and each crude\noil has its own unique composition or assay.\nThere are also hundreds of petroleum\nrefineries worldwide and each of them is designed\nto process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. Naphtha\nis a general term as each refinery produces its\nown naphtha\u2019s with their own unique\ninitial and final boiling points and\nother physical and compositional characteristics.\n \nNaphtha\u2019s may also be produced from other\nmaterial such as coal tar, shale\ndeposits, tar sands, and the destructive\ndistillation of wood.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

PETROLEUM & GAS COMMODITIES   GAS OIL Gas Oil is a middle distillate liquid refined from crude oil. It has many different names such as diesel and a variety of uses. Gas Oil is a \u201cdual purpose\u201d fuel. It has a high calorific value (heat content) and is thus recommended as a boiler fuel in … Continue reading “Petroleum”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2208","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2208","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2208"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2228,"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2208\/revisions\/2228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sccare.in\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}