Gas Oil is a middle distillate liquid refined from crude oil. It has many different names such as diesel and a variety of uses. Gas Oil is a “dual purpose” fuel. It has a high calorific value (heat content) and is thus recommended as a boiler fuel in industrial or agricultural installations with pressure jet burners e.g. grain dryers. It can also be used in a diesel engine fueling off-the-highway equipment such as farm tractors, construction equipment, railway and marine engines, and stationary diesel engines or generators. It can be called: Gas Oil, Red Diesel, Farm Diesel, ULSG, Class A2 or Class D, 35 second burning oil, Marked EN590. A lot of the confusion around Gas Oil, and the variety of different names, has come both from its variety of different uses, and changes to product specification over the last few decades.
Fuel Oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking, Oil is any liquid petroleum product, which is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately 40°C (104°F). Oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term Fuel Oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha. It is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot- type burners. It is the kerosene refinery cut that boils off right after the heavy naphtha cut used for gasoline. Older names include coal oil, stove oil, and range oil. Fuel Oil It was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fue. Oil is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters. It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut.Residual fuels represent the heavy yields from the refining processes. Straight-run fuel oils are produced solely from atmospheric distillation and are generally used as an intermediate feedstock for further processing within the refining system to increase the yields of lighter products. the refining processes. Straight-run fuel oils are produced solely from atmospheric distillation and are generally used as an intermediate feed- stock for further processing within the refining system to increase the yields of lighter products. Cracked fuel oils are used as fuel for power generation, marine bunkers and large industrial heating plants. Generally categorized between high and low sulphur grades, with the latter containing less than 1.0 % sulphur by weight.
Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or AVTUR, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, it is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15. Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as “wide-cut” jet fuel, include Jet B and JP-4. Jet Fuel (JP54) is a Kerosene-type high-quality product used primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline, diesel and various forms of petrochemicals. It is a nonrenewable resource, which means that it can’t be replaced naturally. Crude oil is typically obtained through drilling, where it is usually found alongside other resources, such as natural gas (which is lighter, and therefore sits above the crude oil) and saline water (which is denser, and sinks below). It is then refined and processed into a variety of forms, such as gasoline, kerosene and asphalt, and sold to consumers. Although it is often called “black gold,” crude oil has ranging viscosity and can vary in color from black and yellow depending on its hydrocarbon composition. Distillation, the process by which oil is heated and separated in different components, is the first stage in refining.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of ethane C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or transport. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately 162 C ( 260 F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi). Natural gas is mainly converted to LNG for transport over the seas where laying pipelines is not feasible technically and economically. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG (at 250 bar) or 60 percent that of diesel fuel. This makes LNG cost efficient in marine transport over long distances
Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as Autogas. It consists of Propane and Butane with traces of Butene and Propene and other hydrocarbons) LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or “wet” natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil) or extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. As its boiling point is below room temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and pressures and is usually supplied in pressurized steel vessels. LPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, and thus will flow making shipment and delivery an easier (if somewhat more hazardous) process.
Petroleum coke, abbreviated coke or pet coke, is a final carbon-rich solid material that derives from oil refining and is one type of the group of fuels referred to as cokes. Pet coke is the coke that, in particular, derives from a final cracking process, a thermo-based chemical engineering process that splits long chain hydrocarbons of petroleum into shorter chains. Stated succinctly, coke is the “carbonization product of high-boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained in petroleum processing. This coke can either be fuel grade (high in Sulphur and metals) or anode grade (low in Sulphur and metals). The raw coke directly out of the process is often referred to as green coke. In this context, “green” means unprocessed.
Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with CAS-no 64742-48-9. It is most usually desulfurized and then catalytically reformed, which rearranges or restructures the hydrocarbon molecules in the naphtha as well as breaking some of the molecules into smaller molecules to produce a high-octane component of gasoline (or petrol). There are hundreds of different petroleum crude oil sources worldwide and each crude oil has its own unique composition or assay. There are also hundreds of petroleum refineries worldwide and each of them is designed to process either a specific crude oil or specific types of crude oils. Naphtha is a general term as each refinery produces its own naphtha’s with their own unique initial and final boiling points and other physical and compositional characteristics. Naphtha’s may also be produced from other material such as coal tar, shale deposits, tar sands, and the destructive distillation of wood.
